명사(관계사)

관계사절

• who, which, where, how 등 관계사가 앞에 나와서 이끌고 있는 절
  • I recently read a book which was written by Stephen King.
  • the umbrella which you bought for me
  • the people who live next door
  • a TV show that I like

관계사의 종류

• 선행사 = 관계사
  • What is the name of the new teacher? He came here yesterday.
  • = What’s the name of the new teacher who came here yesterday?

주어 역할

• 관계사가 관계사절에서 주어 역할을 하는 경우
  • What’s the name of the new teacher who came here yesterday?
  • I can’t find the book which was here a minute ago.
  • The people that live next door will move out tomorrow.

  선행사	관계사
  사람	who
  사물	which
  만능	that

목적어 역할

• 관계사가 관계사절에서 목적어 역할을 하는 경우
  • He’s the one whom I was looking for.
  • Have you seen the umbrella which Ryan bought for me?
  • Here’s the book that you asked for.

  선행사	관계사
  사람	whom
  사물	which
  만능	that

  • 관계대명사가 목적어 역할을 할 때에는 생략 가능

소유격 역할

• whose
  • I saw a girl. Her hair came down to her waist.
  • = I saw a girl whose hair came down to her waist.
• of which
  • She wrote a book. I don’t remember the title of the book.
  • = She wrote a book which I don’t remember the title of.
  • = She wrote a book of which I don’t remember the title.
    • 전치사를 관계사 앞으로 보낼 수 있음
  • = She wrote a book the title of which I don’t remember.
    • ‘~의’ 뜻을 갖는 of를 명사와 떼어놓는 경우는 거의 없음
    • 명사 두 개, a book과 the title이 연달아 등장
    • 이와 같을 때, 소유격 관계대명사가 나올 수 밖에 없음
    • She wrote a book. I don’t remember the title of the book.
      • the title of the book → its title
  • = She wrote a book whose title I don’t remember.
    • whose: the book’s
  • whose + 명사 = the 명사 of which

부사 역할

• when, where, why
  • I’ll never forget the day when I first saw you.
    • I’ll never forget the day. I first saw you on the day.
      • 관계대명사 which: the day
      • 관계부사 when: on the day
    • I’ll never forget the day when I first saw you.
    • I’ll never forget when I first saw you.
      • 시간을 나타내는 명사가 선행사로 사용되면, 보통 선행사를 생략
    • I’ll never forget the day that I first saw you.
      • 만능관계대명사 that
    • I’ll never forget the day I first saw you.
      • 관계부사 생략
      • 가장 일반적인 문장
    • I’ll never forget the day which I first saw you on.
      • 관계대명사를 사용한 경우
    • I’ll never forget the day on which I first saw you.
      • 전치사를 관계사 앞으로 이동시킴
• how (방법)
  • I like the way. He talks in the way.
    • I like the way how he talks.
      • 보통 위처럼 방법을 나타내는 명사 the way와 how는 같이 사용하지 않음
    • = I like the way he talks.
    • = I like how he talks.
    • = I like the way that he talks.
    • = I like the way in which he talks.
      • in: ~식으로
  • This is the place where you belong.
    • This is the place. You belong to the place.
  • I don’t understand the reason why you are not happy with that.
    • I don’t understand the reason. You are not happy with that for the reason.
• what (~인 것)
  • 선행사가 필요 없는 관계사
    • I liked what he was wearing.
      • ‘the thing + which’
      • 관계사가 선행사 역할까지 다 한 경우
    • What he said was true.

    • The truth is what you believe.

    • That’s what I said.
    • That’s what I'm talking about.
    • This is what you get when you mess with us.
    • That’s what bothers me.
• whatever (what 강조, ~인 것은 무엇이든지 전부)
  • You can just write whatever you like in a blog.
  • I’ll do whatever it takes to win games.
• which
  • She got married again, which surprised everybody.
    • 문장 전체를 수용
  • Last night Micheal Jordan scored 32 points, which was nothing unusual.

관계사 앞에 찍혀 있는 콤마

• 명사를 보충 설명하는 서술적 용법
  • She is very nice.
• 명사가 어떤 명사인지 분명히 밝혀주는 한정적 용법
  • That is a nice car.
• 형용사의 서술적 용법이 관계사에서의 계속적 용법
  • 계속적 용법은 ‘선행사를 보충 설명’
• 형용사의 한정적 용법은 관계사에서의 제한적 용법
  • 제한적 용법은 ‘어떤 명사인지 그 정체를 분명히 밝힘’
    • a pencil
    • a red pencil (한정)
• 제한적 용법 - 선행사를 수식하는 관계사절
  • Do you like the pen which I gave you?
  • He has two sons who are doctors.
• 계속적 용법 - 선행사를 설명하는 관계사절
  • He has two sons, who are doctors.
• 서울을 설명해야 할까? 제한해야 할까?
  • Have you ever been to Seoul which is the capital of Korea?
    • 서울이 여러 개 있는 것이 아니기에, 제한할 필요 없음
  • Have you ever been to Seoul, which is the capital of Korea?
    • 서울을 설명하는 것이 훨씬 자연스러움
• 경기도 광주? 광주광역시?
  • Have you ever been to Gwangju which is in Gyeonggi Province?
    • = Have you ever been to Gwangju in Gyeonggi Province?
• 어떤 명사에 대해 단순히 정보를 추가하는 차원이면 콤마가 있어야 하고, 그게 아니라 어떤 명사인지 분명히 밝혀줘야 할 때는 콤마가 없어도 됨
  • He has two sons who are doctors.
  • He has two sons, who are doctors.

관계사 이해하기

• 선행사=관계사

관계사 앞에 전치사가 없을 때

• What’s the name of the new teacher who came yesterday?
  • … the new teacher came yesterday.
• I can’t find the book which was here a minute ago.
• The people that live next door will move out tomorrow.
• Have you seen the umbrella which you bought for me?
• Here’s the book that you asked for.
• I’ve never forget the day when I first saw you.
• This is the place where you belong.
• I don’t understand the reason why you are not happy with that.

전치사 + 관계사

• 선행사를 찾아 관계사 자리에 넣고, 일반적으로 알고 있는 전치사의 뜻으로 곧바로 이해
  (in: ~에서, for: ~을 위해, by: ~에 의해, …)
  • This is the house in which I was born.
    • … in the house I was born.
  • There are several reasons, for which I can’t go with you.
  • He is the man for whom I would die.
• 곧바로 이해가 잘 안 될 경우, ‘전치사 + 관계사’의 형태를 머릿속에 넣고, 관계사절을 읽으면서 앞에 있던 전치사와 결합되는 단어를 관계사절에서 찾아 이해
  • He threw away the scripts on which I’ve been working for three days.
  • This is the chance of which I’ve been dreaming all my life.
  • Have you ever thought about a possible disaster in which what you’re doing now could result if you keep on doing it?
  • Is this the car on which you spent all you have?

용법

목적격 관계대명사 생략

• He’s the one [whom] I was looking for.
• Have you seen the umbrella [which] Ryan bought for me?
• Here’s the book [that] you asked for.

선행사는 대부분 3인칭 명사의 몫

• I, who work for a bank, am 32 years old.
  • 격식 갖춘 문체
  • = I am 32 years old and work for a bank.
• It is I who am responsible for this project.
  • 강조구문
  • = It’s me that’s responsible for this project.
  • = I am the one [person] who’s responsible for this project.

whom이 점점 who로 대체되고 있음

• A: Whom did you kill?
  • 격식을 차려야 하는 문어체
• B: Who did you kill?
  • 구어체
• From whom did you get that?
  • = Whom did you get that from?
  • = Who did you get that from?
• Who are you going to take to the party?

• Who did you vote for?

• This is the man whom I was talking about last night.
• This is the man about whom I was talking last night.
• This is the man about who I was talking last night.
  • 전치사 + who는 어색함
  • 전치사가 문장 뒤에 있는 상태에서는 목적격 whom 대신 who를 써도 됨(구어체)
• This is the man who I was talking about last night.
• This is the man that I was talking about last night.
• This is the man about that I was talking about last night.
  • 전치사 + that은 어색함
• This is the man I was talking about last night.
  • 가장 이상적인, 일반적인 문장

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• Reference:
  • 오성호. (2006). Again! 뒤집어본 영문법. 김영사.