Ryan Munseong Jeong

I am a developer with 2 years of experience. My main programming language is C, but I also know at good level C++ and Golang. You can read more about me in the About section.

13 minute read

if절의 기본 속성

늘 항상 그럴 때(직설법)

  • 일종의 진리, 습관, 일반적인 경향
    • If I drink coffee in the evening, I can't sleep at night.
    • If you boil water, it changes from a liquid to a gas.
    • If you take a fish out of water, it dies.

결과를 몰라서 추측할 경우

  • if의 가장 일반적인 용법
  • 과거에 대한 추측일 경우에는 if절 시제에 과거 동사, 비과거(현재 또는 미래)에 대한 추측일 경우에는 if절 시제에 현재 동사 사용
    • If I offended you, I apologize.
    • If he takes the antibiotics, he’ll get better.
    • If you come tomorrow, we’ll talk more.

사실의 반대를 가정할 경우

  • 가정(가짜로 정하는)
  • 과거 상황을 가정할 때는 if절 시제에 과거완료, 비과거(현재 또는 미래) 상황을 가정할 때는 if절 시제에 과거 동사 사용
    • If I hadn't run so fast, I would surely have missed the train.
    • If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone out.
    • If you died tomorrow, you would be in my heart.
    • Would you still love me if I were broke?

비과거의 세계

단순 추측

  • 직설법 시제를 따름
  • 문장의 시점이 과거면 과거 동사, 문장의 시점이 비과거면 현재 동사
    • If you finish the work by lunchtime, you can take the afternoon off.
    • If you’re coming with me, you’d better get ready now.
    • If you’ve finished the work I gave you, you may go home now.
    • If the weather is good later, we may go swimming.
    • If you do it again I’m going to report it.
    • If you can't log in, then make sure your email address is still working.
    • If you have some time, could you please tell me what you think of my work?
    • If I see him in the street, I would probably smack him in the face.
    • What if over the next two years interest rates fall from 7.5 percent to 7 percent?

사실의 반대

  • 가정법 시제를 따름
  • 문장의 시점이 과거면 대과거(had + p.p.), 문장의 시점이 비과거면 과거 동사
    • If you need some money now, I will lend you some.
      • 단순추측
      • “네가 돈이 지금 필요한지는 모르겠지만, 필요하다면 내가 빌려줄 수 있어.”
    • If you needed some money now, I would lend you some.
      • 사실의 반대
      • “너 돈 필요 없지? 너 정도 애는 돈이 필요 없을 거야. 그럴 리는 없겠지만, 돈 필요하면 내가 빌려 줄 수도 있어.”
      1. now가 있는데 needed
        • 시제가 비과거(현재 또는 미래)인데, 동사가 과거형
      2. 주절에는 거의 예외 없이 would[could, might]가 사용됨
        • 말하는 사람은 상대방이 돈이 필요하지 않을 거라는 확신을 갖고 있음
        • “빌려 줄 생각도 있는데…”
        • will, can, may보다 약한 어감
          • If you needed some money now, I would lend you some.
          • If you needed some money now, I would be able to lend you some.
          • If you needed some money now, I could lend you some.
    • If you died tomorrow, you would be in my heart.

    • If you die tomorrow, I wouldn't care.

    • I love my boyfriend, and if he asked me to marry him tomorrow, I would.

    • If he asked you to marry him tomorrow, would you say yes?

    • Would you ~?
      • “무슨 말을 하려고? 무언가를 깔고 말하려나?”
      • Would you accept a diamond ring if he offered it to you?
      • Would you still love me if I were broke?
      • Would you still love me if I told you that I’m pregnant?
      • How would you react if your lover ditched you to marry another person?
      • Who would you leave everything you own to if you died tomorrow?
      • What would you do if you lost your job?
        • “What will you do if you lose your job?”보다 완곡한 표현
      • Would it be all right if I gave Ryan a call?
      • Tears in heaven - Eric Clapton

        Would you know my name if I saw you in Heaven?
        Would you feel the same if I saw you in Heaven?
        Would you hold my hand if I saw you in Heaven?
        Would you help me stand if I saw you in Heaven?

      • What if he were wrong?
        • What would happen if he were wrong?
        • What would you do if he were wrong?
      • If I were rich, I would buy you whatever you want.
      • If I were a woman, I’d be outraged.
      • If I were you, I wouldn't worry about it.
      • Things would probably be different, of course, if I were a woman.
      • Maybe it would be easier if you weren't doing it alone. I could help you unpack.
      • Would it be all right if I turned the radio off?
        • 공손한 표현
      • Even if you brought me flowers every day, I still wouldn't marry you.
    • 시점이 ‘비과거’일 때의 예문
      • If he came tomorrow, he could meet my sister.
      • Even if he offered you a million dollars, you should still refuse to work for him.

      • If i could help you, I would.

      • If the sun rises in the west tomorrow, …
        • 내일 해가 서쪽에서 뜰지, 아니면 동쪽에서 뜰지 모르는 경우
      • If the sun rose in the west tomorrow, …
        • 해가 동쪽에서 뜬다는 걸 아는 경우
    • were to 용법
      • be to 용법(앞으로 ~된다)
      • 그럴 가능성이 전혀 없을 때 사용하는 미래표현
        • If the sun were to rise in the west tomorrow.

25%의 가능성

  • 0% 사실의 반대 ~ 25% ~ 50% (단순 추측)
  • if + should: 혹시라도
    • If you fail this exam, you can always take it again next year.
    • If you should fail this exam, you can always take it again next year.
    • If he should show up, don’t let him in!
      • If he happen to show up, don’t let him in!
    • If you should meet Ryan, tell him to give me a call.
      • If you happen to meet Ryan, tell him to give me a call.
    • If you should see him, tell him to come to my office.
      • If you happen to see him, tell him to come to my office.
    • if절에 should가 있다고 무조건 “혹시라도 ~”라고 생각은 금물
      • I haven’t decided if I should go or not.
  • “혹시라도 ~”의 should는 주어와 자리바꿈 가능(그리고 if는 생략됨)
    • If you should have any questions about it, please feel free to call us.

    • = Should you have any questions about it, please feel free to call us.

    • Should you wish to unsubscribe from any service in the future, please email us.

상황에 따라

  • “대통령이 된다면, ~”
    • 50% : If I become president, …
    • 25% : If I should become president, …
    • 0% : If I became president, …
  • “곧 남북통일이 된다면, ~”
    • 50% : If the two Koreas are unified soon, …
    • 25% : If the two Koreas should be unified soon, …
    • 0% : If the two Koreas were unified soon, …
    • 0% : If the two Koreas were to be unified soon, …

과거의 세계

단순 추측

  • 비과거의 ‘사실의 반대’와 과거의 ‘단순 추측’을 구별할 때는, if절 내용이 벌어지고 있는 ‘시점’, 그리고 주절의 형태를 볼 것
    • If I was rude on the phone with you yesterday, I apologize.
      • if절의 be동사는 인칭에 관계 없이 were을 쓰는 것이 원칙
      • 최근 인칭에 따라 was를 쓰는 경우도 있음
    • If I were rude, I’d apologize.
    • If I didn't change anything, you are correct.
    • I am not sure if I explained this very well. Hopefully others will be able to help, if I did not.
    • If it was purchased within the last 14 days, we will happily refund the price you paid in full.
    • If you didn't exercise when you were younger, it could be dangerous to start when you’re older.
    • If you didn't know him personally at school, you probably heard of him.

    • If you saw him yesterday, then he was here.

    • If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something.
      • 시점에 따라 해석이 바뀜 (과거 vs. 비과거)
    • 문맥을 통해 문장의 기준 시점이 과거인지 현재인지 구분할 줄 알아야 함
      • I missed my family, especially my mother, and I missed my other relatives, too. I wrote a lot of letters to my family, but still I couldn’t fulfill the emptiness of my mind. I expected things would get better if I made new friends here, but it was not so easy.
      • Women believed if they got an advanced degree in business and worked hard they could become top managers of the company.

사실의 반대

  • if절에 had + p.p.가 나오면 ‘과거 사실의 반대’
    • If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone out.
  • 가능성도 없는 동작, 상황, 다시 말해 확실하지도 않은 상황
    • 주절에 ‘덜 직선적’이고, ‘상황에 따라 유연하게 대처’할 수 있는 표현 사용
    • 주절에 사용되는 단어들
      • would: “~할 텐데, ~하려 했을 텐데” (현실은 아닌데)
      • could[would be able to]: “~할 수 있는데, ~할 수 있었을 텐데” (현실은 아닌데)
      • should[would have to]: “~해야 할 텐데, ~했어야 했는데” (현실은 아닌데)
      • might[probably would]: “~일지 모르는데, ~이었을지 모르는데” (현실은 아닌데)
    • 주절의 어감 비교
      • I will marry you tomorrow.
      • I would marry you tomorrow.
        • 문맥에 따라 해석 달라짐
          • 문장의 시점이 현재라면, 사실의 반대
          • 문장의 시점이 과거라면, 단순 추측
      • I would have married you tomorrow.
  • if절이 ‘과거 사실의 반대’인 문장들
    • If you had arrived earlier, you would have seen him.
    • If I hadn't run so fast, I would surely have missed the train.
    • If you hadn't been driving so fast, the accident would never have happened.
    • It could have been a lot worse if we had had more rain.
    • Things might have gone a lot better if you had kept a cool haed.
    • ‘후회’의 어감: only
      • If only I had known where Ryan was, I would have called him and begged him to come home.
    • if가 생략된 문장
      • Had it not been for you, I would have given up a long time ago.
      • = If it had not been for you, …

혼합 가정

  • if절의 내용은 ‘과거 사실의 반대’를 가정하고, 주절은 ‘현재 사실의 반대’를 쓰는 것
  • 시제를 한 단계 당기고(과거 -> 비과거), would와 같이 약한 어감을 표현하는 단어 사용
    • If you hadn't spent so much money, we would be better off now.
    • If I had done what he said, I wouldn't be here now.
    • If she hadn't dumped me 10 years ago, she would be my wife now.
    • If you hadn't mentioned it, I would still be in the dark.

would’ve[could’ve / should’ve / might’ve] + p.p.

  • ‘과거 사실의 반대’ 가정법 주절에 나오는 형태
  • would[could / should / might] 다음에 완료표현이 나오면, ‘과거에 이루지 못했던 사실이 함축돼 있음’을 상기할 것
    • would have + p.p. ~ 하려고 했었다 (그런데 안 했다)
    • could have + p.p. ~ 할 수도[였을 수도] 있었다 (그런데 안 했다)
    • should have + p.p. ~ 했어야 했다 (그런데 안 했다)
    • might have + p.p. ~ 였을지도 모른다 (그런데 안 했다)
  • if절 없이 주절만 사용될 수 있음
    • 주절은 가정법 공식의 일부로 받아들이지 말고, if절과 관계없이 그 자체로 인정할 것
      • I’m sure your father would've been proud of you.
      • I should've paid more attention to what was going on.
      • It could've been worse.
      • We couldn't or wouldn't have done it without you.
      • It was a glimpse of what my life might've been like, had I taken the other path.
        • had I taken the other path.
        • = If I had taken the other path.
      • Could’ve Been - Tiffany

        The flowers you gave me
        Are just about to die
        When I think about
        What could’ve been
        It makes me want to cry
        Could’ve been so beautiful
        Could’ve been so right
        Could’ve been my lover

      • There is no ‘would’ve should’ve could’ve’. Only did and didn’t.

        이미 지나가버린 일을 놓고 이제 와서 “(~했더라면) 그렇게 했을 거라는(I would’ve done it) 둥, 그렇게 했어야 했다는(I shouldn’t done it) 둥, 그렇게 할 수 있었을 거라는(I could’ve done it) 둥 변명해봐야 소용없다. 결국 중요한 건 했느냐 안 했느냐다.”

      • There are people who shoulda, coulda, woulda, And there are people who are glad they did.
        • kind of -> kinda
        • would have -> would of -> woulda

wish

wish + to do

  • ~하고 싶다(formal)
    • Where do you wish to go?
    • I don’t wish to see you again, and I mean it.

    • She wished to get to know him better.

    • 과거형 wished to do something보다는 wanted to do가 일반적
  • wish + 절(주어 + 동사)
    • hope: 어느 정도 가능성이 있는 얘기
    • wish: 현실적으로 불가능한 얘기
    • wish 다음에 문장이 오면 얘기가 180도 달라짐
    • 비과거의 희망사항이면 동사는 과거형
    • 과거의 희망사항이면 동사는 과거완료
      • Wish you were here.
      • I can’t dance, but I wish I could.
      • I wish you weren't so stuck up and would listen to why people don’t like this place.
      • He keeps calling me several times a day, but I wish he wouldn't.
      • She sometimes wishes he had never been born.
      • I sometimes wish I'd never been born at all.
      • There are a few things I wish I had known before I arrived.
      • Ten things I wish I had learned as a child.
      • Things I wish I had known when I got married.
  • ~에게 ~가 있기를 바라다
    • I wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
    • Wish me luck!
    • I wish you all the best.
    • He wished me every success.
    • I wish you every happiness in your marriage.

if절 + will

will이 ‘의도, 의지, intention의 어감’일 때

  • “앞으로 ~하겠다”, 약속, 결정
  • will(의지, 유언장), willing(~할 의지, 의사, 마음이 있는)
  • be willing to do something
    • I will if you will.
    • I will buy this dress for you if you will wear it.
    • I will buy this dress for you if you are willing to wear it.
    • I’ll buy this dress for you if you promise to wear it.
    • If you will smoke, please do so outside using an ashtray - please do not throw butts on ground.
    • If he won't forgive me, what choice do I have?
    • If he refuses to forgive me, what choice do I have?
    • We would really appreciate it if you would take the time to come to this meeting.
    • If you wouldn't mind, I’d like to ask you a few questions about the issue.

    • If you would follow me, please.

    • ? If it will rain tomorrow, I will stay home. (어색한 표현)

    • if절이 명사절로 사용될 경우
      • I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.
      • A: Will you be seeing Ryan tonight?
      • B: I’m not sure if I’ll see him.

if절이 결과일 경우

  • if절이 ‘조건’, 주절이 ‘결과’가 되는 것이 일반적
    • If you can’t come to see us next weekend, we’ll come and visit you.
    • If you finish the work by lunchtime, you can take the afternoon off.
    • I will repeat that, if that will help you understand it better.
    • If it will save money, I’m for it.
    • Just ignore him if that’ll make you feel better.

if & when

  • “~할 때”, “~라면”
  • when: certainty (확실)
  • if: probability (불확실)
    • I’ll buy you a drink when I see you tomorrow.
      • 이미 내일 만나기로 되어있음
    • What’s the first thing you do when you get up in the morning?
      • ? If you get up on the morning? (일어날지 여부가 불확실한 사람)
    • This will help him get back to sleep if the baby wakes up at night.
    • Give me a call when Ryan gets home from school.
      • ? Give me a call if Ryan gets home from school.
    • I’m going to call the police if he’s not back within an hour. (올 시간이 지났을 때)
    • If I don’t pass this year, I’ll try again next year.
    • As with all software, it should be updated if and when necessary.
      • 업데이트를 해서 필요 없을 수도 있으니까(if), 업데이트 안 되는 소프트웨어는 없으니까(when)
    • Forgive him if and when Ryan decides to come back.
      • 확실하지는 않지만 ~할 때, ~하면
    • If and when the president is ready to make an announcement, he will do so.
  • if가 명사로 나올 때(불확실, 추측, 가능성)
    • As this year draws to conclusion, many ifs remain.
    • He could be a star if his keens ever heal, but that’s a big if.
    • It doesn’t make sense to make speculations right now because there are too many ifs and buts.
      • but도 명사로 사용됨

even if & even thought

  • “비록 ~일지라도”
  • even if는 if를 강조하는 표현
    • if절과 같이 생각
    • ‘사실의 반대’와 단순 추측’
      • Even if wax the car, it still won’t look shiny.
      • I know he’ll want to continue playing, even if he gets injured.
      • Even if had some time for shopping, I wouldn’t go out and buy shoes.
      • Even if I were a woman, I would not do it.
  • even though는 though 또는 although를 강조하는 표현
    • even though 다음에 오는 내용은 엄연한 사실(직설법)
      • Even though I’ve waxed the car, it still doesn’t look shiny.
      • Even though the injury was serious, he decided to continue playing.
      • Even though I had some time for shopping, I couldn’t find the shoes I wanted.
      • Even though I am a woman, I will do it.
  • Reference:
    • 오성호. (2006). Again! 뒤집어본 영문법. 김영사.

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