Ryan Munseong Jeong

I am a developer with 2 years of experience. My main programming language is C, but I also know at good level C++ and Golang. You can read more about me in the About section.

6 minute read

기본 문법

  1. 부정문에서는 not을 조동사 뒤로
    • You cannot do that.
    • He might not be home now.
    • I will not do that.
  2. 의문문에서는 주어 앞으로
    • May I use your phone?
    • Could I talk to you for a moment?
    • May all your wishes come true!
  3. 완전한 동사가 아니다
    • He may run for president in 2008.
      • He mays …
  4. 조동사는 한 번에 하나만
    • He will go …
      • He will may go …
  • 문장 내의 동사가 문장의 의미를 결정한다면, 문장 내의 조동사는 그 동사의 느낌을 결정
    • He is right (100% 확실)
    • He must be right (100% 확실하지는 않지만 틀림 없음)
    • He should be / ought to be right (그럴 거야 / 과연 그럴까)
    • He may be right (그럴 수도 있고 안 그럴 수도 있고)
    • He might be / could be right (그럴 거야 / 과연 그럴까)
    • He can't be right (100% 확실하지는 않지만 틀림 없음)
    • He is not right (100% 확실)

조동사의 1차적 의미

will: intention (strong)

  • I will pay my taxes.

can: ability

  • I can pay my taxes.

may[might]: possibility (positive)

  • I may[might] pay my taxes.

could: possibility (might & negative)

  • I could pay my taxes.

should: obligation

  • I should pay my taxes.

must: necessary

  • I must pay my taxes.

would: intention (weak)

  • I would pay my taxes.

조동사 6가지 용법

추측: ~일 것이다

  1. 어떤 근거가 없는 상황
    • 일반적인 추측 (~일 것이다, ~일 수도 아닐 수도 있다)
  2. 나름대로 근거가 있는 경우
    • 강한 긍정의 추측 (틀림없이 ~일 것이다, ~임에 틀림없다)
    • 강한 부정의 추측 (틀림없이 ~이 아닐 것이다, ~일 리 없다)
  • 단순 추측[may]
    • 50% 긍정 & 50% 부정
      • He may be right, but he may be wrong, too.
      • It may rain late in the afternoon.
    • may, might, could
      • He may[might/could] be in korea now.
      • He may[might/could] be in korea tomorrow.
    • may > might >= could
      • He is in Korea.
      • He may in Korea.
      • He might in Korea.
      • He could in Korea.
    • may vs. might
      • may와 might의 어감 차이는 개인별로 다름
      • may와 might는 거의 비슷하거나, might가 may보다 조금 더 약한 어감
        • I may go to the auto show.

        • I might go to the auto show.

        • I may not know everything, but I might know something that might help you.

        • If you go to bed early tonight, you may/might feel better tomorrow. (확실하지 않은 단순 추측)
        • If you went to bed early tonight, you might feel better tomorrow. (사실의 반대)
    • 과거에 대한 단순 추측
      • 조동사 뒤의 원형부정사를 완료부정사로 대치
        • He was in Korea.
        • He may have been in Korea.
        • He might have been in Korea.
        • He could have been in Korea.
  • 강한 부정의 추측[can’t]
    • He can't be in Korea.
    • He can't have been in Korea.
  • 강한 긍정의 추측[must]
    • He is in Korea.
    • He must be in Korea.

    • He must have been in Korea.

    • must / have to / have got to / got to / gotta
      • Ryan has to be the best-looking baseball player at the moment.
      • The reporter, who spoke with his lawyer, insisted the story had to be true.
      • That’s got to be the reason.
      • You gotta be kidding.
    • should / ought to
      • ~임에 틀림 없다, ~해야 한다
      • must보다 약한 어감
        • She should[ought to] be home.
      • 부정의 추측으로는 거의 사용하지 않음
        • She shouldn't be home. (집에 있어서는 안 된다)

의무: ~해야 한다

  • must
    • ~해야 한다 (불가피한 의무, 강제성, 명령)
      • you must stop drinking.
  • should / ought to / had better / be supposed to
    • ~해야 할 거야 (도덕적인 의무, 충고)

      • you should[ought to] stop drinking.

      • You’d better go.
      • You’d better help me with my homework.
        • 자식이 부모님께 하면 …

      • You’re supposed to stop drinking.

      • A: What time are you supposed to be there?

      • B: I’m supposed to be there by nine.

      • You’re not supposed to be here; It’s a restricted area.
      • You’re saying I’m not supposed to call her because she’s married?
  • require
    • 규칙상 ~해야 한다
      1. need something or somebody: to be in need of something or somebody for a purpose
        • The recipe requires a cup of milk.
      2. make something necessary: to have something as a necessary precondition
        • A password is required for entry to the system.
      3. demand something by law: to demand something by a law or regulation (often passive)
        • Notification was required by law.
      • (사규에 의하면) All applicants are required to speak English, be aged between 25-35 years and have some experiences in this field.
      • (학칙에 의하면) All students are required to have their photo ID card issued by the high school.
      • (법률에 의하면) Drivers are required to pass a physical examination every two years.
  • have to
    • must가 “~해야 한다”일 때, 현재와 미래밖에 표현하지 못하기 때문에, have to의 도움을 받음
    • have to의 have는 일반동사로 취급하며, 부정문일 때는 not이 have 앞으로, 의문문일 때는 do동사가 주어 앞에 위치
      • You don't have to drive for me.
      • He didn't have to see you.
      • Do you really have to go?
      • Did I have to tell you everything about Ryan?
    • have to는 must보다 일반적인 단어이며, 부정문에서는 약간의 어감 차이 발생
      • You must not talk back to your mom.
      • You don't have to go now.

능력: ~할 수 있다

  • can / could / be able to

    • I can speak English, but I can't read it.

    • 일반적이지 않은 상황, 조건에 따라 결과가 바뀌는 상황, 연습 등
      • Some people are able to walk on their hands.
    • 일반적인 능력, 상황
      • Some people can walk on their hands.
    • Look! I can stand on my hands!

    • Don’t worry about it. I can pick you up tomorrow.

    • 과거 표현
      • He could[was able to] read when he was three.
  • see / hear / smell
    • I could smell something burning.

    • I listened carefully, but couldn't hear anything.

    • I can smell something burning.
      • I smell something burning.
    • I can't see anyone.
      • I don’t see anyone.
    • I listened carefully, but couldn't hear anything.
      • I listened carefully, but didn’t hear anything.
  • understand, remember
    • I can't understand why he left so early.
      • I don’t understand.
    • Yes, I can remember your father.
      • Yes, I remember your father.

허락: ~해도 된다

  • can, could (구어체적) / may, might (문어체적)
    • Can I borrow your car? (가장 일반적인 말투)
    • Could I borrow your car? (can보다 정중한 말투)
    • May I borrow your car? (일반적인 말투)
    • Might I borrow your car? (거의 들을 수 없는 표현)
      • I wonder if I might use your car. (일반적인 might 표현)
  • 허락 시 정중하게, 답변은?
    • Can[May] I use your car?
      • Yes, you can[may].
      • No, you can't[may not].
      • No, you must not.
    • Could I ask you something?
      • Yes, of course you can.
    • Can[could] I possibly borrow your car?

    • Do you think I could[might] borrow your car?

    • I wonder if I could[might] borrow your car.
    • I was hoping that you could let me use your car.
  • 허락을 받아 ~할 수 있었다
    • When I was a kid, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. (일반적인 상황)
    • Last night I was allowed to watch TV for an hour. (특정한 때)
  • ~할 수 없었다
    • Ryan couldn't watch TV last night because he was naughty. (일반적인 상황, 특정한 때 둘 다 사용 가능)

습관: ~하곤 한다

  • will
    • 현재의 습관
      • In fine weather, he will often sit in the sun for hours.
      • Never mind, these things will happen.
  • used to / would
    • A: Do you love me?

    • B: I used to. (과거에 ~했었지만, 지금은 아니다)

    • I collected stamps when I was a kid.
    • I would collect stamps when I was a kid. (~하곤 했다)

    • I used to collect stamps when I was a kid. (~하곤 했지만 지금은 아니다)

    • would: 동작, 사건
    • used to: 동작, 사건, 상태
      • When we were children, we would[used to] go skaiting every winter.
      • I used to have a car.(would)
      • He used to be a waiter, but now he’s a taxi-driver.(would)

제안, 요청, 부탁

  • 제안
    • Won’t you have some coffee?
    • Would you like some coffee?

    • Can[could] I offer you some coffee?

    • Yes, please.

    • Yes, I’d like[love] some, please.

    • No, thank you.
  • 요청
    • Can[Could / May] I have some coffee?

    • Coffee, please.

    • Certainly.
    • Of course.
  • 부탁
    • Will[Can / Could / Would] you (please) open the door for me?
    • Would[Do] you mind opening the door for me?
  • Reference:
    • 오성호. (2006). Again! 뒤집어본 영문법. 김영사.

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