복합시제(현재완료)

현재완료

• 과거의 동작 + 현재의 의미
  • A: Do you have time?
  • B: I have lost my watch.
  • C: I lost my watch.

단순과거 : 현재완료 = 점 : 선

• A: I saw him an hour ago.

• B: I’ve been here since January.

• 말하고 있는 시점이 오후 두 시이고, 아침에 그를 본 적이 없는 상황? (점)
  • I didn't see him this morning.
• 말하고 있는 시점이 아직 오전이고, 아침에 그를 본 적이 없는 상황? (선)
  • I haven't seen him this morning.

단순과거 vs. 현재완료

• A: Did you have lunch?

• B: Yes, I had lunch.

• A: Are you hungry now?

• B: No, I’ve just had lunch.

• 단순과거는 과거의 분명한 시점이 나타나지만, 현재완료는 과거의 한 시점과 현재를 연결하는 부사 등장
• 현재완료에서 중요한 것은 현재의 의미
  • A: What time is it?

  • B: I have lost my watch.

  • I have lived here since March 1.

  • I have lived here for two months.

  • She’s gone to bed.
    • She isn’t here now.
  • I’ve broken my ankle.
    • My ankle is broken now.
  • We’ve bought a new house.
    • We have a new house now.
  • Have you seen Ryan?
    • Where is he now?
  • A: My grandmother did a lot for me.
  • B: My grandmother has done a lot for me.
    • 할머니께서 돌아가신 경우라면, 말이 안됨
  • They have given a lot of support to the project.
    • 프로젝트가 끝난 경우라면, They gave a lot of support to the project.
• just: 방금 전에
  • 현재완료 문장에 just가 등장하면 과거에 시작된 행동이 이미 끝난 상태임을 암시
    • They’ve just arrived.
      • They’re here now.
    • I’ve just had lunch.
      • I’m not hungry now.
• 현재완료는 과거의 분명한 시점과 어울리지 않음
  • I saw him yesterday.
  • I didn’t go there last year.
  • What did you do last night?
  • When did they arrive?
• 현재완료는 과거의 불분명한 시점과 어울림
  • today, this week, this month, in my life, ever, never
    • I have made a big mistake five weeks ago weeks ago.
    • I’ve been to Paris twice in my life.
• 단순과거와 불분명한 시점들은 어울림
  • ever, never, already, yet, before, just
    • Judy just called.
      • Judy has just called.
    • Did you eat already?
      • Have you eaten already?
    • I didn’t call him yet.
      • I haven’t called him yet.
    • Did you ever see anything like this before?
      • Have you ever seen anything like this before?

완료 진행형

• 과거의 동작이 현재까지 진행중

• 현재완료진행 시제는 과거에 시작한 상황이나 동작이 현재까지 계속됨
  • I’ve been working all day.
  • Sorry. I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
    • 만날 대상이 나타난 상태이므로, 더 이상 waiting 상태는 아님
• 과거완료진행 시제는 현재완료진행 시제에서 하나씩 과거로 옮김
  • I was very tired then. I had been working all day.
• 완료 진행형에는 계속의 의미를 담은 for, since가 자주 사용됨
  • I’ve been working for the company for three years.
  • It’s been raining since last Monday.

현재완료 vs. 현재완료진행

• A: I’ve been reading your book.

• B: I’ve read your book.

• A: I’ve been painting the room.

• B: I’ve painted the room.

• A: I’ve been living here all my life. (temporary)
  • I’ve been living here for a year.

• B: I’ve lived here all my life. (permanent)

• A: I have been working in this office for two hours now. (동작)

• B: I have worked in this office for two years now. (상태)

• A: How long have you been playing the guitar?

• B: 2 years.

• A: How long have you played the guitar?
• B: Since 12 years old.

과거의 의미(형태)

• 현재완료에서 중요한 것은 현재의 의미이지만, 과거의 의미로 사용하기 위해 형태만을 빌리는 경우

추측의 조동사 뒤

• may: 일반 추측
  • He may be rich. (~일 것이다)
  • He may have been rich. (~였을 것이다.)
• must: 강한 긍정의 추측
  • He must be rich. (~임에 틀림없다)
  • He must have been rich. (~였음에 틀림없다.)
• can’t: 강한 부정의 추측
  • He can't be rich. (~일 리 없다)
  • He can't have been rich. (~였을 리 없다.)

가정법 과거완료의 주절

• If I had come in time, I could have seen him.
• If you had been careful, you would't have said that.

부정사

• 상대시제가 현재면 단순 부정사, 과거면 완료 부정사
  • It seems that he is rich. (절대시제: 현재 / 상대시제: 현재)
    • He seems to be rich.
  • It seems that he was rich. (절대시제: 과거 / 상대시제: 과거)
    • He seems to have been rich.
  • It seemed that he was rich. (절대시제: 과거 / 상대시제: 현재)
    • He seemed to be rich.
  • It seemed that he had been rich. (절대시제: 대과거 / 상대시제: 과거)
    • He seemed to have been rich.

단순 동명사와 완료 동명사

• 상대시제가 현재면 단순 동명사, 과거면 완료 동명사
  • I am proud that I am your student.
    • I am proud of being your student.
  • I am proud that I was your student.
    • I am proud of having been your student.
  • I was proud that I was your student.
    • I was proud of being your student.
  • I was proud that I had been your student.
    • I was proud of having been your student.

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• Reference:
  • 오성호. (2006). Again! 뒤집어본 영문법. 김영사.